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College Foundation The introduction I decide to sum up is Greg Gissendanner’s introduction on the college establishment. Like the greater part of different introductions in class, Greg utilized the standard diagram of introducing the unit’s history, crucial, structure, subsidizing and monetary concerns, and current issues. History. Greg demonstrated that while numerous establishments look genuinely comparative today, the historical backdrop of establishment advancement took on a wide range of structures at various organizations. Greg’s essential instances of Harvard and Rutgers analyzed accounts of how every establishment got its beginning with early gifts (in an outside cash!) just as gifts of different sorts †those that we may bring in-kind today. These gifts of materials and work were instrumental in getting these two organizations the lift they required for their proceeding with development. Strategic. Greg proceeded to characterize a â€Å"shared† statement of purpose of college establishments by and large. This common strategic, blessings and awards, augmenting benefactor intrigue and responsibility, and appropriation of endowments to the college network, originated from five explicit statements of purpose which Greg then imparted to the class. These individual statements of purpose while variable, all appeared to contain this mutual definition inside them despite the fact that they originated from an assortment of enormous open establishments. It would have been fascinating to contrast these and the crucial some littler publics and furthermore private organizations. Hierarchical Structure. Greg utilized a pleasant procedure to examine the association structures of college establishments. Rather than simply demonstrating a few models, he requested that the class investigate two colleges which he had illustrated some essential qualities, for example, enlistment, area, cost of educational cost, time of organization and gift. He at that point solicited us how we figured each from their establishments would be composed. It was a decent strategy to make us consider what elements may influence the association of an establishment and why. He proceeded to give subtleties and his own clarification of why the establishments were sorted out the manner in which they were. Subsidizing and Financial Concerns. Next Greg talked about how the college establishment is normally subsidized. He clarified that the establishment normally has five subsidizing streams, enrichment the board expenses, unhindered blessings, blessing charge, speculation pay charge, and a college administrations charge.

100 Must-Read Books for Understanding U.S. Social Policy

100 Must-Read Books for Understanding U.S. Social Policy It’s almost impossible to turn on the news in the United States without encountering a discussion of some program or policy that is impacting the country’s social fabric. These conversations focus on housing, health, education, and other issues that many people in the U.S. have experience with â€" for example, many of us have gone to public schools or had to navigate health insurance coverage. But having experience with a system doesn’t mean you have the full picture of it, and to become better informed, what better place to turn than books? There’s not one universal definition for “social policy,” but it tends to encompass the kinds of issues that impact people’s health, welfare, and well-being. Some of the examples I included on this list are topics like poverty, housing, the justice system, health care, and education. It will come as no surprise that even among experts, these topics spur disagreement and debate. The varying viewpoints make it important to consider and read these books with a critical eye, though I’ve tried to note context that’s particularly relevant, such as a year of publication or an author with a vested interest. Despite the fact that I stuck with books focused on the United States, the list is broad in terms of style, including memoirs, historical accounts, journalistic endeavors, and even fiction and picture books at the end. It also captures a range of issues, with books discussing everything from the problems with privatization of the K-12 education system to the media’s role in making some people think low-income families are choosing iPhones over health care. But of course, there are certainly books and topics that didn’t fit on the list â€" feel free to drop them in the comments below! How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis. Its worth noting in an age of camera phones and Instagram that is was in part the photographic evidence of life in New York City slums that connected with readers when Riis book was published in 1890. But Riis words about income stratification and the broad social impacts of poverty are also relevant 127 years after the publication of his book. $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America by Kathryn J. Edin and H. Luke Shaefer. In addition to being an accessible analysis of what has changed in the social safety net over the course of the last 20 years, $2.00 a Day is a good introduction to social programs meant to support low-income and no-income families. The combination of data, research and real life stories from across the country make for a compelling and educational read. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America by Barbara Ehrenreich. Theres a good reason Ehrenreichs journalistic memoir of her time spent in low-wage jobs is probably the best known non-fiction book out there about work, wages, and poverty: its readable and informative, and despite the fact that it was originally published in 2001, its distressingly still accurate in many ways. Hand to Mouth: Living in Bootstrap America by Linda Tirado. Revolutionary as Nickel and Dimed was, even Barbara Ehrenreich says Linda Tirados story is the real thing. The frustration is evident all through Tirados book, which tells the story of what its like to be educated, hard-working, and still left behind by social policy in the United States. The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States by Jacob S. Hacker. Hackers book is a little on the academic side, so it may not be a great book to start with if youre new to social policy reading. But if youre looking to dig deeper, he shines a light on the under-discussed relationship between public social programs and private social benefits like employer-sponsored health insurance and pension programs. The Undeserving Poor: Americas Enduring Confrontation with Poverty by Michael B. Katz. One of the most important and least discussed factors in developing social policy is the way people in the United States view the poor. We associate poverty with laziness or ignorance or irresponsibility, and it impacts who we think of as worthy or deserving of public support. Katz traces the history of those views and attitudes and the way it has impacted policies and programs. A People’s History of Poverty in America by Stephen Pimpare. Similar to Katz, Pimpare considers views of the poor as well as the way that when were offering support through public programs or private charity, we often do so in a way that diminishes the dignity of those we are supporting. Pimpares book discusses the reality of living in poverty, and challenges those presumptions. The Working Poor: Invisible in America by David K. Shipler. As Shipler points out in his introduction, working poor should be an oxymoron or at least it should according to the notion prevalent throughout American history that anyone in the country can do or be anything as long as he or she is willing to work hard. The profiles within Shiplers book demonstrate that working poor is, in fact, the reality for many people. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor by William Julius Wilson. William Julius Wilson looks at the issue of poverty through a slightly different lens, separating the issue of joblessness in urban neighborhoods from the issue of poverty, and focusing on the former. Specifically, When Work Disappears considers the devastating effects of the inner-city ghetto environment and the way they extend to employment. The Price of Inequality: How Todays Divided Society Endangers Our Future by Joseph E. Stiglitz. Inequality is not just problematic on a moral or ethical level it also has an economic impact. Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz makes the case in this book that in order for the U.S. economy to thrive, that inequality cannot continue to be fostered by policy and politics. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy by Martin Gilens. In another book focused on the stigma and stereotypes Americans have of the poor, Martin Gilens looks specifically at media representation and its inclination to racialize welfare by over-representing black Americans as recipients of the program. The Color of Wealth: The Story Behind the U.S. Racial Wealth Divide by Barbara Robles and Betsy Leondar-Wright. We often look at financial security as an issue of income, but The Color of Wealth focuses instead on the importance of wealth and assets, as well as the history of how U.S. policy has contributed to a wealth gap between white Americans and just about everyone else. Those Who Work, Those Who Dont: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America by Jennifer Sherman. Jennifer Shermans book offers some specific insight on the decline of a California logging community that was economically devastated by a 1990 ruling that severely limited logging in the area. As job opportunities dried up, the lack of work had a broad and lasting impact. Refinery Town: Big Oil, Big Money, and the Remaking of an American City by Steve Early. The fact that Bernie Sanders wrote the foreword to this book about policy change at a local level stamps it as political, but the core of Refinery Town is the story of people in Richmond, CA who decided they wanted something different for their town and then fought for it. As the saying goes, all politics is local, and its often true with social policy as well. Hillbilly Elegy by J.D. Vance. If youre interested in a different lens on local politics and policy, youll get it with Hillbilly Elegy. J.D. Vances memoir got a lot of political attention last year, but its real value is in the perspective it offers on rural poverty and the complicated relationship some small, struggling towns have with government. Men We Reaped: A Memoir by Jesmyn Ward. Readers who flocked to Hillbilly Elegy to understand rural poverty would do well to broaden their understanding on the topic by also reading Jesmyn Ward’s Men We Reaped. Wards memoir tells her story of growing up poor in rural Mississippi, discussing and analyzing how economic strife combined with race leading to the violent deaths of her brother and four other young black men she knew, all within the span of five years. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles by Mike Davis. Originally published in 1990, City of Quartz traces the history of Los Angeles and considers how the shifting dynamics of power and leadership impacted the lives and success of the citys residents. A Prayer for the City by Buzz Bissenger. In another in-depth analysis of local policy and government, Buzz Bissengers 1997 A Prayer for the City offers a close-up view of the work done by Philadelphia Mayor Edward G. Rendell, as well as the way his policies impacted four Philadelphians. The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace: A Brilliant Young Man Who Left Newark for the Ivy League by Jeff Hobbs. The United States is supposed to be a place where people can escape their circumstances and where cycles of poverty can be broken. It doesnt always work that way, and The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace is one story about some of the reasons why not. United by Cory Booker. Bookers book is, without a doubt, a political memoir, and carries all the associated baggage. But his experience living in a low-income housing development while working as a tenants rights attorney gives him a unique perspective on urban communities. Gang Leader for a Day by Sudhir Venkatesh. Sudhir Venkatesh did more than study urban poverty he immersed himself in it. Specifically, he abandoned his cold and distant, abstract and lifeless seminars at the University of Chicago in order to get up close and personal with gangs, drug trade, and the economic systems that arise when the more common labor markets are inaccessible. Our America: Life and Death on the South Side of Chicago by LeAlan Jones, Lloyd Newman, with David Isay. Published in 1997 and drawn almost entirely from reporting done for NPR by teenagers LeAlan Jones and Lloyd Newman in Chicago in the 1990s, Our America provides an exceptionally candid view of life in urban housing developments. Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City by Matthew Desmond. Many of the non-fiction books that most successfully connect with a broad audience feature research and data along with personal stories of how that information impacts real people. Evicted, one of the most critically acclaimed books of 2016 does just that in the way it looks at issues of poverty and housing security. The Politics of Public Housing: Black Womens Struggles against Urban Inequality by Rhonda Y. Williams. Grounded in dozens of interviews, Rhonda Y. Williams tells the story of poor black women who have lived in low-income housing, challenging stereotypes that have defined these women for too long, and, hopefully, replacing them with a better understanding with real, multi-dimensional people these women are. Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940-1960 by Arnold R. Hirsch. First published in 1983, Hirschs book tells the story of how strategies used by ethnic, political, and business interests contributed to the intentional segregation of Chicago that still exists in many ways today. Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City by Antero Pietila. Racism unquestionably impacted the development and implementation of housing policies in the U.S., and Not in my Neighborhood explains some of the ways how by looking at housing policy in Baltimore from the 1880s into the early 2000s. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement by Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster. Per the EPA, environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Cole and Foster trace the history of the movement, from grassroots activism to a 1994 executive order. Failed Promises: Evaluating the Federal Governments Response to Environmental Justice edited by David M. Konisky. Failed Promises, a set of articles explaining the failure of the federal government to live up to its promise of environmental justice is dense, academic analysis for those looking to learn more about where and why federal policy has fallen short. The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs. A book about urban planning originally published in 1961 might seem like a strange pick for this list. But sometimes addressing social issues from a different angle presents different opportunities. In this case, Jane Jacobs argued that intentionality in designing and developing cities can positively impact housing, safety, and the economic health of a community. Whats the Matter with Kansas by Thomas Frank. Originally published in 2004, Franks best-selling book doesnt focus on a specific social issue, but rather teases out an important part of the policy context: why people sometimes support political candidates or policies that are not in their best personal interest. How and whether people understand the implications of a policy is often the most important part of the policy-making process. Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class by Ian Haney López. Also focused on the context in which policies are being developed, Dog Whistle Politics considers the ways in which racism surreptitiously adapts, and   the way politicians have taken advantage of that phenomenon to develop and implement policies that have negatively impacted middle class Americans of all races. White Rage by Carol Anderson. Better understanding the context of social policy in the United States certainly requires a better understanding of the many ways it has been impacted by race. In White Rage, Anderson traces the racism in policy, and in particular the way political leaders have worked to twist policies and legislation to adversely impact African Americans. Negroland: A Memoir by Margo Jefferson. Class and wealth are major parts of the social policy context, and Margo Jeffersons memoir delves into the topic of class in the Black community. Negroland tells her story of growing up in Negroland, a small region of Negro America where residents were sheltered by a certain amount of privilege and plenty.' The Way Forward: Renewing the American Idea by Paul Ryan. Whether or not you agree with Ryan politically, reading a book by someone in a powerful position to shape policy offers some key insight into what their legislative priorities are. Specifically, his memoir explains that Ryan is focused on the debt and deficit, which impacts the way he approaches spending. As with all politicians, however, its important to consider the information they present in the context of their experience and expertise. The Fractured Republic by Yuval Levin. On the same theme of the importance of context, the political philosophy in Yuval Levins The Fractured Republic suggests that the way forward for the U.S. is to refocus on the middle layers of society families and communities, schools and churches, charities and associations, local governments and markets. Its a different view of conservatism than is currently at the forefront of American policy, but it may be the way of the future. Women, Policy and Politics: The Construction of Policy Problems by Carol Lee Bacchi. Ive mostly tried to avoid textbooks on this list, because they tend to be less accessible both in terms of content and in terms of cost. But one of the most knowledgeable, intelligent people I know recommended this book first when we were talking about social policy books, so I figured I could find a slot for a book focused on the work and process of unpacking policy issues. White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America by Nancy Isenberg. Historian Nancy Isenbergs book considers the unofficial class structure that has marginalized poor, white Americans for hundreds of years, as well as the modern day implications of that history. The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America by George Packer. The Unwinding is essentially a collection of sketches of a variety of people some famous, most not whose stories, when taken together, illustrate the shift in the American social system over the course of the last generation. The structure is a unique way to capture the changing political landscape in the U.S. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America by Ira Katznelson. By examining the way New Deal programs were designed to disproportionately support white Americans while leaving black Americans behind, Ira Katznelson presents a new way to understand the most significant social programs of the last century as well as the social inequalities they fostered. Please Stop Helping Us: How Liberals Make It Harder for Blacks to Succeed by Jason L. Riley. In Please Stop Helping Us, Riley outlines the many ways that social programs implemented (in theory) to support black Americans actually end up being counter-productive. Riley highlights minimum wage laws, affirmative action in higher education, and other examples of methods that arent having the intended effect. Nobody: Casualties of Americas War on the Vulnerable, from Ferguson to Flint and Beyond by Marc Lamont Hill. Marc Lamont Hill uses Nobody to demonstrate the way police violence is connected to other incidences of state violence, such as the lack of clean drinking water in Flint MI. The larger, more visible events demonstrate more subtle patterns and policies of authority that allow some citizens become disempowered, disenfranchised, poor, uneducated, exploited, vulnerable, and disposable. Limbo: Blue-Collar Roots, White-Collar Dreams by Alfred Lubrano. Several of the authors on this list challenge the notion that people from working class backgrounds can transition into professional class jobs and lives. Lubrano points out that even those who can make that transition are often ill-prepared to fit into the social norms and culture of their new white-collar world. Americas Bitter Pill: Money, Politics, Backroom Deals, and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Health Care System by Steven Brill. In 2013, TIME dedicated an entire issue to Steven Brills analysis of the health care system in the US. This book expands on that award-winning article, and its one of the best introductions out there for those trying to learn why American health care is so complicated and contentious. Sick: The Untold Story of Americas Health Care Crisis and the People Who Pay the Price by Jonathan Cohn. Jonathan Cohns engaging analysis of the health care system is most useful from an historical perspective; given that the book was originally published in 2007, you wont find the term Obamacare anywhere in it. But with that context in mind, its still worth reading for anyone who is trying to better understand why many elected officials of all political affiliations agree that the system in place in the early 2000s is not one to which we can return. The American Health Care Paradox: Why Spending More is Getting Us Less by Elizabeth H. Bradley and Lauren A. Taylor. Bradley and Taylor tell readers up front in the forward of this book that their goal isnt to advance a political agenda, but rather to better understand the economic side of the investments the U.S. is making in health care. Their research on the costs in our system was motivated in large part by a concern central to Americans of all ideological persuasions: maximizing the return on investment of our national expenditures. The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care by T. R. Reid. No matter how you feel about the health care system in the US, you likely know that its different in many ways from the systems in other industrialized democracies. The Healing of America is T.R. Reids explanation of how other countries are able to design and run health care systems that are universal, affordable, and effective. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures by Anne Fadiman. Throughout this list, there are dozens of books that make the connection between race or culture and how we experience the American social framework. 1997s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down deals with that connection and in this case, conflict explicitly by telling the story of a Hmong refugee family trying to work with a California system in California in order to treat their daughter. Being Mortal by Atul Gawande. Atul Gawandes critically acclaimed best-seller isnt as obviously tied to social policy as some of the books on this list, but Gawande challenges readers to think about what we want from our medical system and health care in a way that could impact the way that we think about health policy and spending. Reinventing American Health Care: How the Affordable Care Act will Improve our Terribly Complex, Blatantly Unjust, Outrageously Expensive, Grossly Inefficient, Error Prone System by Ezekiel Emanuel. I thought about skipping the subtitle on this one because its ridiculously long, but readers deserve to know that this book is openly making the case for what we colloquially know as Obamacare. You should also know that Emanuel is the brother of Rahm Emanuel, a chief-of-staff in the Obama White House. But Emanuel is also a well-respected bioethicist, and, interestingly, one of the only democrats who was consulting with President Trump and Speaker Ryan as they worked for passage of their proposed replacement bill. Dying and Living in the Neighborhood by Prabhjot Singh. For some people, the complicated U.S. health care system is only one barrier to a healthy life. Prabhjot Singh considers the impact that place and specifically neighborhood dynamics can have on public health outcomes. Teeth: The Story of Beauty, Inequality, and the Struggle for Oral Health in America by Mary Otto. Lack of access to dental care is one of the most far-reaching social issues that gets the least attention: Kids with tooth pain cant focus in school. Adults without visibly healthy teeth have more trouble getting jobs (and, as a result, cant get dental insurance). Otto considers the history and implications of divorcing oral health from the rest of our health care system. Dreamland: The True Tale of Americas Opiate Epidemic by Sam Quinones. In this award-winning book, Sam Quinones examines what he argues are two of the leading causes of the U.S. opiate crisis: the marketing and distribution of OxyContin in the 1990s, and the influx of black tar heroin from Mexico. American Pain: How a Young Felon and His Ring of Doctors Unleashed America’s Deadliest Drug Epidemic by John Temple. John Temple goes deeper into one of the stories of the pain pill addition epidemic in his book about American Pain, a Florida mega-clinic expressly created to serve addicts posing as patients. Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari. British journalist Johann Hari set out to answer his questions about drug-use, addiction, the War on Drugs, and policy alternatives. After three years, 30,000 miles, and 9 countries, he wrote Chasing the Scream to explain what he learned and how different the answers he found are from what he expected. Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs by Doris Marie Provine. Unequal Under Law considers one of the specific issues of racial disparity in the justice system the War on Drugs. Tracing story of the anti-drug movement over the course of the 20th century, Doris Marie Provine explains how both manifest and latent racism have shaped U.S. drug policy. A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor by Alexes Harris. A Pound of Flesh considers the counterproductive practice of requiring fines and other monetary restitution from people who dont have money, further perpetuating racial and economic inequality. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America by Elizabeth Hinton. Elizabeth Hintons book demonstrates the inter-related nature of social issues by explaining how, since it emerged from within the War on Poverty and alongside it, this long War on Crime has today positioned law enforcement agencies, criminal justice institutions, and jails as the primary public programs in many low-income communities across the United States. Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption by Bryan Stevenson. Bryan Stevensons best-selling and critically-acclaimed memoir uses his personal experiences and stories as an attorney to demonstrate the phenomenon of racial bias in the justice system in the United States, as well as conveying some hope for change and real justice in the system. The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America by Naomi Murakawa. How did we get to the failed criminal justice system we have today? There are, as with any other issue of this magnitude, many contributing factors, but Naomi Murakawa challenges some of the popular notions by arguing that Democratic Presidents who enhanced the federal role in the prison system are, in large part, responsible. The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. Its hard to overstate the importance of The New Jim Crow, which details the insidious ways in which racism continues to permeate social policy and systems. As Alexander argues that We have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it. Incarceration Nations: A Journey to Justice in Prisons Around the World by Baz Dreisinger. Incarceration Nations is not another research-filled run-down of the many ways in which the U.S. criminal justice system has failed. As Michelle Alexander says in a Washington Post review, The book reads much like a rambling, yet frequently insightful diary entry as (Dreisinger) roams the globe. But even without deep expertise on the topic of prisons, Baz Dreisnger can tell that the U.S. could be doing something differently. Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison by Nell Bernstein. Based on research and interviews, Nell Bernsteins book makes the case that the juvenile incarceration system is failing on just about every measure its expensive, its not safe, its one of the most glaring example of racial injustice our nation has to offer, and the children within the system are more likely to be locked up as adults. No Matter How Loud I Shout: A Year in the Life of Juvenile Court by Edward Humes. As important as the education system in the U.S. is, unfortunately a significant number of children in this country also interact with the juvenile court system. Edward Humes 1996 book, available now with an introduction and afterward updated in 2014, is an important critique of a judicial system in disarray. Shattered Bonds: The Color Of Child Welfare by Dorothy Roberts. Shattered Bonds shines a spotlight on a pressing issue within a pressing issue race disparity in the foster care system. As Roberts says in her introduction, Black children remain in foster care longer, are moved more often, receive fewer services, and are less likely to be either returned home or adopted. A damning indictment of a system that needs better support and new strategies. To the End of June: The Intimate Life of American Foster Care by Cris Beam. Part memoir, part sociological analysis, To the End of June balances Beams personal story as a foster parent (and as a kid who probably should have been in the system) with research and study of the child welfare system as a whole. All the while shes searching for reasons why we cant take better care of some of our countrys most vulnerable children. The Tragedy of Child Care in America by Edward F. Zigler. Child care is a huge issue for most working families. Ziglers book is a little wonky, and readers should note that it pre-dates significant federal policy changes in child care that have been made since 2014, but it still gives a good grounding of the complex issues at play in a wide-reaching system. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life by Annette Lareau. Those who are interested in the ways that home life impacts the education and development of children should consider reading Unequal Childhoods. The research-based book is a little dense, but it offers an important context for social systems interact with families at home or at baseball practices or piano lessons. Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools by Jonathan Kozol. Jonathan Kozols 1991 book chronicles his journey through 30 different school districts and the chasm he found between the high-quality public schools for wealthy families and the public schools for the poor that were overcrowded and understaffed, and lacked the basic elements of learning. The stories are now 30 years old, but unfortunately not much has changed in terms of the disparities. Inequality in the Promised Land: Race, Resources, and Suburban Schooling by R. Lewis-McCoy. Inequality in the Promised Land focuses on research Lewis-McCoy did on disparities within one, well-resourced suburban school district. Specifically, the book considers the hows and whys of inequality related to systemic issues that run deeper than just a lack of funding and resources. Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools by Monique W. Morris. Morriss book focuses on the punitive school discipline that disproportionately affects black girls in schools and the impact it has both on their education and their lives outside of the school system. Reign of Error: The Hoax of the Privatization Movement and the Danger to Americas Public Schools by Diane Ravitch. For all of the conversation about failing American schools, its hard to know exactly what is wrong and how it can be fixed. Diane Ravitch, a historian of education, has been writing about education in the U.S. for decades, and Reign of Error discusses where policies from Presidents Bush and Obama went wrong and where we need to focus to improve a system that is, in her argument, not as badly broken as some would have you believe. The Prize: Whos in Charge of Americas Schools by Dale Russakoff. Anyone who prefers a more story-focused narrative might consider reading The Prize to learn more about the realities of the education system and the challenges inherent in trying to create change. Russakoff, a long-time journalist, tells the story of Mark Zuckerbergs $100 million donation to the Newark school district and what happened when he partnered with Mayor Cory Booker and Governor Chris Christie to try to transform the schools. The Smartest Kids in the World: And How They Got That Way by Amanda Ripley. The education system seems to be one of the realms in which were most likely to compare our progress (or lack thereof) to other countries test scores, graduation rates, etc. Amanda Ripley goes behind those numbers, following three American exchange students to Finland, South Korea, and Poland and learning about what elements contribute to student success. Other Peoples Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom by Lisa Delpit. In some ways, Lisa Delpits discussion of cultural conflict and assumptions in classrooms is more relevant to teachers, administrators, and parents than policy-makers. But education policy in particular is made at many levels local, state, and federal and anyone involved in those policies has a responsibility to understand what goes on in classrooms and how it impacts the education system broadly. The New Kids by Brooke Hauser. In The New Kids, Brooke Hauser tells the stories of five immigrant and refugee teenage students at The International High School at Prospect Heights in Brooklyn. Coming from China, Tibet, Sierra Leone, Yemen, and Burma, the students are deal with complicated and unusual personal circumstances in a setting familiar to most of us a high school. Warriors Dont Cry by Melba Pattillo Beals. In this memoir, Beals tells the harrowing story of her experience being one of the first teenagers to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, AR in 1957. In addition to being a rare glimpse into an important historical moment, the books detailing of the physical and psychological punishment faced by Beals and her classmates is an essential reminder that a failure to successfully and in this case safely implement a policy can have devastating consequences. All You Can Eat: How Hungry is America? by Joel Berg. Bergs book works first to demonstrate the hunger is a shockingly prevalent part of life for low-income and no-income Americans including tens of millions of children. He then goes on to propose a detailed plan for how government, which is the only entity with the size, scope, resources, and yes, the legitimacy to effectively address the problem, can do so. Sweet Charity?: Emergency Food and the End of Entitlement by Janet Poppendieck. There is great value in private charitable assistance, whether it is from churches, non-profit agencies, or individuals. However, Janet Poppendieck argues that, at least in the case of food assistance, reliance on private means results in the deterioration of systemic support. In her words, that this massive charitable endeavor serves to relieve pressure for more fundamental solutions. Begging for Change: The Dollars and Sense of Making Nonprofits Responsive, Efficient, and Rewarding for All by Robert Egger. Whatever the ideal balance of private and public support is, the reality is that there will always be a role for organizations like Robert Eggers DC Central Kitchen. Begging for Change is Eggers story of that nonprofit as well as an analysis of how the application of more results-driven principles can change the social support structure. Foodopoly: The Battle Over the Future of Food and Farming in America by Wenonah Hauter. Wenonah Hauter owns an organic farm, so she certainly doesnt write this book from an entirely impartial perspective. But her explanation of the larger food system in the United States from subsidies to lobbyists to big business allows for a more comprehensive understanding for how that system can contribute to food deserts and food insecurity. What We Have Done: An Oral History of the Disability Rights Movement by Fred Pelka. The Americans with Disabilities Act is one of the most important laws in American history, particular in terms of inclusion and access. Fred Pelka tells the story of that law and the activists who fought for it. Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America by James Green. Its difficult to understand social policy outside of the historical context from which it came. A lot can be learned about current labor laws and policies from the labor rights movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Haymarket affair is an important part of that history. Triangle: The Fire That Changed America by David von Drehle. Triangle further expounds on labor history, detailing the tragic factory fire that killed 146 workers many of them women and/or immigrants in 1911. The fire highlighted the horrible conditions under which these people worked, shining a national spotlight that helped spur legislation and factory-worker unions. From the Jaws of Victory: The Triumph and Tragedy of Cesar Chavez and the Farm Worker Movement by Matthew Garcia. One of the most important labor movements of the last 50 years has been the fight for rights for farm workers. Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers union are perhaps the most recognizable names from that movement, and Matt Garcias book details both their success and their eventual shortcomings. Slavery by Another Name by Douglas A. Blackmon. At the same time that the Haymarket Affair and the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire were raising awareness of labor conditions for immigrants and other factory workers, black male convicts had no way to escape the government-run programs for the kind of involuntary servitude that had ostensibly been made illegal by the 13th Amendment. Save Our Unions by Steve Early. Save Our Unions is a compilation of various articles and essays Steve Early, who has worked as an organizer, strike strategist, and labor educator, has written in his work reporting on the labor movement and unions. The Residue Years by Mitchell S. Jackson. An award-winning autobiographical novel, Mitchell S. Jacksons The Residue Years is the story of a family trying to break the cycles of poverty and addiction. (Fiction) Lyddie by Katherine Paterson. Set in the mid-19th century, Patersons book includes elements of debt, sexual harassment, poverty, and horrifying working conditions. But at the heart of it, its a story about power and more specifically, what it is like to be without power. There may be no theme more central to social policy. (Fiction) The Jungle by Upton Sinclair. The best known legacy of Upton Sinclairs classic is the way it impacted the regulation of food. But The Jungle also paints a devastating picture of working conditions and the exploitation of immigrants in the early 20th century. (Fiction) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven by Sherman Alexie. In the prologue to the 20th anniversary edition of Sherman Alexies modern classic short story collection, Alexie tells his friend Jess Walter, Oh, boy, do I still feel like a class warrior in the literary world. In the whole world really. These stories are drenched in poverty and helplessness. It would be foolish of me offer a better explanation for why these stories are important than that. (Fiction) Pictures of Hollis Woods by Patricia Reilly Giff. Pictures of Hollis Woods may not teach you a lot about the administration and day-to-day practice of the child welfare system, but its an engaging story that can help introduce younger readers to feelings of being untethered, alone, and responsible that are often familiar to children without a stable family and home. (Fiction) Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger. The U.S. sure loves a rags-to-riches story, and Horatio Alger might have been the king of them. Like many of Algers books, Ragged Dick tells the story of a bootblack who, through hard word and gumption, ascends to a higher class. These kinds of books feed an overly simplified narrative that is nevertheless a cornerstone of American social policy. (Fiction) The Language of Flowers by Vanessa Diffenbaugh. Recommended to me by a friend who works in child welfare, The Language of Flowers is the story featuring a young woman who struggles in the foster system and then ages out. The backdrop of the system and the way it has impacted the main character could provide some new insight to readers unfamiliar with the struggles foster youth face into their adult lives. (Fiction) Crenshaw by Katherine Applegate. Yes, Crenshaw features an imaginary friend in the form of a giant cat. But the heart of it is a 10-year-old trying to manage the helplessness and uncertainty of housing insecurity. In an effort to fully represent the chronic stress that affects children dealing with homelessness, author Katherine Applegate talked with students and staff of the Monarch School in San Diego, which serves exclusively students impacted by it. (Fiction) The Turner House by Angela Flournoy. Angela Flournoys widely acclaimed debut novel puts complex social issues like housing and debt into one of the most complicated and inescapable contexts of all family. (Fiction) A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. Lorraine Hansberrys award-winning play about money, housing, and who is allowed access to the American Dream was written nearly 60 years ago, but it remains as relevant today was it was when it premiered on Broadway in 1959. (Fiction) Brave Girl: Clara and the Shirtwaist Makers Strike of 1909 by Michelle Markel, illustrated by Melissa Sweet. A non-fiction picture book, Brave Girl tells the story of Clara Lemlich and her fight for labor rights for girls and women in the early years of the 20th century. Lemlich was a Jewish immigrant and one of the many examples of American women whose stories are undertold. (Picture book) Separate is Never Equal: Sylvia Mendez Her Familys Fight for Desegregation by Duncan Tonatiuh. Tonatiuhs book on the battle to desegregate California schools in 1940s with the ruling finally coming seven years before the national Brown v. Board of Education ruling is a perfect teaching tool. Its essentially a history lesson in 40 illustrated pages, which include the accessible story, an authors note with more historical information, a glossary of terms, a bibliography, and an index. (Picture book) A Shelter in our Car by Monica Gunning. According to the National Center on Family Homelessness, approximately 2.5 million children in the US will experience homelessness sometime this year. It can be hard to wrap your mind around that number, but Monica Gunnings straightforward writing turns a staggering number into a personal story with which readers can instantly connect. (Picture book) Click, Clack, Moo: Cows that Type by Doreen Cronin, illustrated by Betsy Lewin. I know, I know. This is a book about cows. But labor rights are a pretty heavy topic, as is social policy on the whole. Click, Clack, Moo brings a little levity to the issue, while still illustrating the value of organized labor. You know, just in case you need a warm-up to The Jungle. (Picture book)

I Found The Most Effective For Instruction Is Guided...

The model that I found the most effective for instruction is guided discovery because of its many benefits in the classroom. In the book (2012) Learning Teaching Research-Based Methods, it said, â€Å"We know from our own experiences that we are more motivated and learn more when the instruction involves us in learning, and research into student learning supports thing contention. Students learn more and retain information longer when they are put in active roles than they do when passively receiving information from others.† This quote leads me to believe that even research agrees that discovery learning is one of the most effective instructional models because it places the learners as active participants. Discovery learning actively engages students in the learning process. This means that the student is participating with the knowledge as they interact with authentic learning experiences. In addition, this instructional model is effective because students pay more attention to the information by becoming more motivated by curiosity. Through this model, they become curious and motivated because they are active participants in learning things that relate to their lives. Another reason why I prefer it more than the other instructional model is that the students have to use higher order thinking instead of simply recalling the information from their short-term memory. Discovery learning also creates active involvement, active involvement, which forces them to construct aShow MoreRelated Teaching Elementary School Science Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Elementary School Science The National Science Education Standards have set the standards for teaching science. Under Program standard B the standards discuss the best ways children learn science. Program standard B states à ¬ the program of study in the science should be developmentally appropriate, interesting and relevant to students lives: emphasize student understanding through inquiry,, and be connected with other school subjects.à ® This sums up what teachers need to be doing un theirRead MoreInstructional Strategies For Students With Intellectual Disabilities771 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategies, most of which are chosen through trial and error. The answer to this final research sub-question was well-versed specifically in theme one: desire for knowledge and theme two: desire for support and guidance. The special education teachers concurred that iPads are a powerful force for enhancing the teaching and learning process for elementary learners with intellectual disabilities. Abby said, â€Å"When iPads are properly used as an essential part of the student’s educational approach, I believeRead More Different Teaching Styles in Physical Education Essay example1066 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical education class the best way to judge the quality of teaching is translated into the amount of fun the class is having. Certain teaching styles will work best in this environment. From the book The Spectrum of teaching styles, From Command to Discovery, written by Muska Mosston, he explains that there are a variety of teaching styles. These styles are all a part of the Spectrum of Learning. The spectrum of learning is defined as â€Å"the framework for teaching where the term teaching style was selectedRead MoreConstructivist Theory8093 Words   |  33 Pagesfollowing the instructions for building a model airplane. In both cases, the theory of constructivism suggests that learners construct knowledge out of their experiences. However, constructivism is often associated with pedagogic approaches that promote active learning, or learning by doing. Constructionist learning is inspired by constructivist theories that learners actively construct mental models and theories of the world around them. Constructionism holds that learning can happen most effectivelyRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Efl Learners Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesof new words by writing down on papers will help in learning vocabulary. Some feel easier to put new words into sentences and learn vocabulary by chunk of words or make up their own story containing of all new words, others feel more effective when learning new vocabulary through the contexts . Besides, students at different level of maturity also have different learning styles. For instance, children are often interested in physical and visual activities. 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The first thing to be uncovered was that I am considered more of an auditory learner over the other types listed. â€Å"Auditory learner, you probably hum or talk to yourselfRead More The Montessori Method Essay2399 Words   |  10 Pagesthe special environment prepared?in our schools, the children themselves found a sentence that expresses their inner need, Help me to help myself. ? (Standing, 1957). The ?prepared environment?, according to Montessori, consists of clean, bright, multi-sensory stimulating materials that are engaging for the child and that are placed in at their level so they can be accessed freely. There is a concentration on ?discovery moments?, defined as when a child learns new information through personalRead MoreThe Effect Of Practical Work On Students Performance9732 Words   |  39 PagesNG’ETHE REG. No. E83/20087/2012 A RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JANUARY 2014 DECLARATION I declare that this research thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university/ institution for consideration. This research thesis has been completed by referenced sources duly acknowledged. Where text, data (includingRead MoreReflection Of The Task Conducted By Me As A Group Member During Completion Of My Coursework3562 Words   |  15 Pagesresponses as well as reflects trait composition of the individual. The course work of â€Å"Manager and organisation† provided the opportunity to go through educational activities. These activities helped me to discover my self-limitation along with the discovery of gaps between theoritical framework and practical applicability of skills (French et al.2011). Behaviourists have identified human response and learning pattern. The activities have enlightened me regarding my behavioural responses and influences

Understanding And Understanding Of The Type 2 Diabetes Essay

ABSTRACT Type 2 Diabetes also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, the most common diabetes, affecting 95% of the 29.1 million Americans or 9.3% of the diabetic population of United States in 2012. This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of the Type 2 Diabetes by examining the functions of the pancreas in controlling the sugar levels in the human body and enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of the human pancreas. The author also attempts a better understanding of the function of insulin and glucagon hormones in the pancreatic process. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the understanding and knowledge about the signs and symptoms, causes, treatments, care and prevention of the Type 2 Diabetes. INTRODUCTION Type 2 Diabetes, unlike people with Type 1 Diabetes are able to make insulin. To enhance our understanding of Type 2 Diabetes, knowing what Diabetes is crucial. When a person has diabetes; the body either does not make enough insulin or cannot use his or her own insulin properly, causing glucose (sugar) to build up in the body. It is the seventh leading cause of death in United States in 2010. In this paper, I provide an overview of the function of pancreas in controlling the sugar level in the human body and the function of insulin and glucagon hormones in the pancreatic process. I also present an anatomy of the human pancreas. Finally, I review the signs and symptoms, causes, treatments,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Bijal P. Trivedi s The Bypass Cure 911 Words   |  4 PagesCure† she details the history of gastric bypass surgery, its effect on type 2 diabetes, and the how one doctor is using his understanding of modern gastric bypass applications to save the lif e’s of his patients. The patient, Nancy Rubio was nearly twice the normal weight of a person her height. 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Diabetes, also referred by doctors as diabetes mellitus, in simple words meaning people have too much sugar in their blood stream, or in medical terms, high blood glucose (blood sugar). The reason why people have diabetes because people’s insulin production is not enough, or because their body s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or in some cases, both could be the case. Patients with high blood sugar will most likely experience polyuria (frequent urination), they willRead MoreNegatives And Negatives Of Health Educators945 Words   |  4 Pagessurvey questions format should have included incorrect answers to help with the validity of the instrument. The addition of incorrect answers would have challenged the participant’s knowledge and help the health educators address topics regarding type 2 diabetes. Another recommendation would be to meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays with sections of the paper complete to help with efficiency. There was the time when the group meets in the past, and the health educators got together unprepared. This oftenRead MoreOutline Of A Speech On Diabetes1263 Words   |  6 Pagesknows someone who has diabetes? B. Background Audience Relevance: Diabetes is a disease that now in days is becoming more common to society because of the lifestyle in which many of us eat and how easy and cheap it is to obtain unhealthy fast food. C. Speaker Credibility: my mom has been a diabetic for about 10 years I have learned a lot from personal experiences, doctors’ appointments, and research that I have recently done on the diabetes. D. Thesis: Learning about diabetes will give you a betterRead MoreWomen s Prevalence Of Diabetes1487 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalence of diabetes is 3 to 5 times higher in First Nations than in the general population† (Introduction section, para. 1). Gestational diabetes mellitus is just one of the many types of diabetes Aboriginal people are faced with. It is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy; when your body is unable to produce an adequate amount of insulin to cope with fluctuating hormones and a growing baby (Harris, Bhattacharyya, Dyck, Hayward, Toth, 2013). Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GMD)Read MoreThe Environmental And Genetic Factors Affecting Children With Type 2 Diabetes1430 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States of America who are suffering with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly increasing and growing public health issue causing morbidity and premature mortality around the world. The environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the development of this disease. The increasing population growth, ageing populations, dietary changes, prevalence of obesity, economic development, and physical inactivity is associated with the rise in diabetes. T2D burden will continue to increase worldwideRead MoreDiabetes Care : What School Personnel Need For Know. 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Patient compliance can be difficult to achieve if the person affected with diabetes is not educated about the illness or treatment, has not fully accepted the diagnosis or its severity, will not change habits or believes that the prescribed treatment regime is too difficultRead MoreThis reflective essay will lay emphasis on one of the learning needs I have developed during my two1300 Words   |  6 Pageswork because it is a more coherent and comprehensible approach to follow when writing a reflective account and is also an easier guide to writing reflections. The learning need I chose to reflect on from my learning plan is having a better understanding of diabetes and the 6 basic medications used in treating the condition since it is a common illness on the ward I am have been allocated on for my first placement. The timescale set for achieving this objective was by the end of my two week placement

Whispered Empire State College Application Essay Samples Secrets

Whispered Empire State College Application Essay Samples Secrets Key Pieces of Empire State College Application Essay Samples So tell your very best story in your words, and enable the results take care of. It's very valuable to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. By learning how to take things apart and critique, you will also learn to compose the statements better. You'll look closely at the arguments to find out what makes them so convincing. The Truth About Empire State College Application Essay Samples To be effective, you want to think about several facets. Learn precisely what the needs of the prompt are. Today, college application essays have come to be the most influential part of the application approach. Following that, you are going to analyze that content to determine what aspects allow it to be perfect. An excellent essay will demonstrate that you're the type of person who can bounce back and learn from an experience. As you're employing a writer, you may use the spare time to study. Here are a few suggestions on how to use the information we've provided here. To assist you get off to an excellent start, we've put together the following advice and hints. The War Against Empire State College Application Essay Samples DO show your understanding of the college. Your application essay will be able to help you stick out from the remainder of the candidates and get noticed by the admission board. Our academic writers provide top notch assistance at no cost. Our crew of professional academic writers is prepared to deliver top-quality help with. How to Get Started with Empire State College Application Essay Samples? Our favourite essays always took a great deal of time and energy! It's a whole lot of work, but it is going to pay off in the long run. Since I enter Flagstaff, my house, poles start to stand up straight. Using Empire State College Application Essay Samples By means of this degree I have studied a wide selection of distinct subjects, including the one I would love to continue with through Suny Empire. Suny Empire offers considerably more affordable education rates than many different colleges out there. Please note that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting components of applying to college. Summer is the ideal time to start your college essay. The Common Application makes it possible for you to apply to more or less 700 distinct colleges. Who Else Wants to Learn About Empire State College Application Essay Samples? CollegeVine's Essay Editing Program offers you the chance to submit your essay online and get comprehensive edits within 24-48 hours. Dig deep to discover a topic that's meaningful. Brainstorming can help you realize your topic and make it simpler for you to structure it. Don't have somebody else write your essay, nor wait to compose your essay. Following your nomination, you're required to forward an essay. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. The way you begin your essay is essential to the reception your essay will receive, so this step should take up lots of your essay writing process. The way you start your application essay is vital to how well it'll be received. This section will examine two essays from the examples which were collected above so we are able to pull them apart and inquire into the criteria that result in a fantastic college application essay. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Empire State College Application Essay Samples So, my purpose is to read all of them and glory this educational establishment. On the other, it's a manner of life. Environmental studies amaze me in various elements, as I'm a nature lover. Attempt to incorporate a narrative of some type, as an example, how you first became interested in this issue, idea or concept. Show how you fit in the campus culture and how you are going to affect the community through specific examples. At suny Empire, the student h as a wide range of study choices that are appealing. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. Think about a few recent presidents of america.

Intangible Assets in Finances

Intangible assets are those assets that cannot be seen, in the past it has been difficult to value them since they lacked production cost and their value was not quantifiable. Either way, these assets are ever present in the many organizations, both profit making and non profit making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intangible Assets in Finances specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is crucial for intangible assets to be measured since they play a major role in a firm’s aggressive sustainability. Also, some scholars believe that these assets are the backbone for a company’s growth. That being the case, there is a challenge of valuing them. Companies like CPA/ABVs have been created to specifically measure intangible assets. Examples of these assets include trademarks and copyrights (King Wiley, 2006). There are about four ways of measuring intangible assets, but the one that is commonly used is the d iscounted cash flow method. In this method, intangible assets are valued according to how much money these assets will generate when put in use. This value should include taxes arising from the implementation of the asset, the risks involved, the cost of acquiring the assets, roles played by auxiliary intangible and tangible assets and finally the discount fee. This method is particularly used to measure the value of assets like expertise, computer programmes and franchises. The reason why this method is popular is because it does not require volumes of paper work to figure out the value and also it does not require highly skilled accountants to compute. Also, judging from other methods, this one appears to be more accurate and more focused on the future (King Wiley, 2006). However, since valuing of intangible assets is subjected to biasness, it is of at most important that more than one method be used. Using more than one method will lead to a more believable and a convincing valu e. To give an example, the avoided cost method takes into consideration of what the value of an asset might have been in the past, but it does not include what its value will be in the future. To do that you will need to use the discounted cash flow method (Reilly Schweihs, 2004). The importance of valuing of intangible assets has been rapidly realized by companies all over the world. This is because the methodologies applied can be used to calculate the historical advancement value, potential value in the future and the economic value on tangible goods. Also, it justifies companies to charge consumers the cost arising from using intangible assets (Reilly Schweihs, 2004). Due to the application of methods of measuring intangible assets, it has brought some changes in the way trade is carried out. At the moment, intangible assets are recognized from a consumer’s viewpoint. Nevertheless, in the recent times, the viewpoint has changed from a consumer’s viewpoint to that of a market accomplice.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that the consumer will have to appreciate the cost arising from using various goods and services. This is irrespective of whether the consumer intends to use the intangible asset or not. It also means that consumers will have to pay for intangible assets which were once regarded as of having no value. In the end, consumers will be able to see charges of intangible assets in their pay slips and receipts (King Wiley, 2006). Even though this paper has been written by an accountant to another accountant, it is important that the general public reads it. By reading this paper, they will come to understand some of the charges that are imposed on them when they buy various goods and services. References King, A., Wiley, J. ( 2006). Fair Value for Financial Reporting: Meeting the New FASB Requirements. New Jersey: McG raw-Hill. Reilly, R., Schweihs, R. (2004). Handbook of Business Valuation and Intellectual Property Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. This essay on Intangible Assets in Finances was written and submitted by user Ronin Hatfield to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

April Raintree Essay Essay Example

April Raintree Essay Essay Example April Raintree Essay Essay April Raintree Essay Essay Chapter 1 1. How is the setting depicted in Chapter One What was your reaction In April Raintree, we first get introduced by the words of April†a 24 year old girl who is fairly content with her family, considering the different types of skin color and mixed blood. She begins to explain her unique family, and the approach towards where they live is suggested as well. Norway House, a small northern Manitoba town is a fairly low maintenance place, where you will find families living in poverty quite common. Aprilâ„ ¢s family move around a lot, from place to place. She claims that she can only remember one street†and thatâ„ ¢s Jarvis Avenue. This was a bit surprising to me at first, since the story takes place close to where I live as well. Itâ„ ¢s also exciting, since the words of April are something that I can relate to, because of how she lives in Manitoba. Aprilâ„ ¢s family continues to struggle with problems regarding money and relationship issues. Since their house is small, it is hard for her to relax or find the time to talk to their family, which consists of a mother who is usually quiet and calm, and a clumsy father who can get loud at times. Chapter 2 2. Quote and discuss three significant events in this chapter. As the story progresses, there are a lot of important events that the reader will take notice. For example, we get introduced to the scenario of Cheryl and Aprilâ„ ¢s separation between each other and being placed into different foster homes.

The Impact of Wheeled Vehicles on Human History

The Impact of Wheeled Vehicles on Human History The inventions of the wheel and wheeled vehicles–wagons or carts which are supported and moved around by round wheels–had a profound effect on human economy and society. As a way to efficiently carry goods for long distances, wheeled vehicles allowed for the broadening of trade networks. With access to a wider market, craftspeople could more easily specialize, and communities could expand if there was no need to live close to food production areas. In a very real sense, wheeled vehicles facilitated periodic farmers markets. Not all changes brought by wheeled vehicles were good ones, however: With the wheel, imperialist elites were able to expand their range of control, and wars could be waged farther afield. Key Takeaways: Invention of the Wheel The earliest evidence for wheel use is that of drawings on clay tablets, found nearly simultaneously throughout the Mediterranean region about 3500 BCE.  Parallel innovations dated about the same time as the wheeled vehicle are the domestication of the horse and prepared trackways.  Wheeled vehicles are helpful, but not necessary, for the introduction of extensive trade networks and markets, craft specialists, imperialism, and the growth of settlements in different complex societies.   Parallel Innovations It wasnt simply the invention of wheels alone that created these changes. Wheels are most useful in combination with suitable draft animals such as horses and oxen, as well as prepared roadways. The earliest planked roadway we know of, Plumstead in the United Kingdom, dates to about the same time as the wheel, 5,700 years ago. Cattle were domesticated about 10,000 years ago and horses probably about 5,500 years ago. Wheeled vehicles were in use across Europe by the third millennium BCE, as evidenced by the discovery of clay models of high sided four-wheeled carts throughout the Danube and Hungarian plains, such as that from the site of Szigetszentmarton in Hungary. More than 20 wooden wheels dated to the late and final Neolithic have been discovered in different wetland contexts across central Europe, between about 3300–2800 BCE. Wheels were invented in the Americas, too, but because draft animals were not available, wheeled vehicles were not an American innovation. Trade flourished in the Americas, as did craft specialization, imperialism and wars, road construction, and the expansion of settlements, all without wheeled vehicles: but theres no doubt that having the wheel did drive (pardon the pun) many social and economic changes in Europe and Asia. Earliest Evidence The earliest evidence for wheeled vehicles appears simultaneously in Southwest Asia and Northern Europe, about 3500 BCE. In Mesopotamia, that evidence is from images, pictographs representing four-wheeled wagons found inscribed on clay tablets dated to the late Uruk period of Mesopotamia. Models of solid wheels, carved from limestone or modeled in clay, have been found in Syria and Turkey, at sites dated approximately a century or two later. Although long-standing tradition credits the southern Mesopotamian civilization with the invention of wheeled vehicles, today scholars are less certain, as there appears to be a nearly simultaneous record of use throughout the Mediterranean basin. Scholars are divided as to whether this is the result of the rapid dissemination of a single invention or multiple independent innovations. In technological terms, the earliest wheeled vehicles appear to have been four-wheeled, as determined from models identified at Uruk (Iraq) and Bronocice (Poland). A two-wheeled cart is illustrated at the end of the fourth millennium BCE, at Lohne-Engelshecke, Germany (~3402–2800 cal BCE (calendar years BCE). The earliest wheels were single piece discs, with a cross-section roughly approximating the spindle whorl- that is, thicker in the middle and thinning to the edges. In Switzerland and southwestern Germany, the earliest wheels were fixed to a rotating axle through a square mortise, so that the wheels turned together with the axle. Elsewhere in Europe and the Near East, the axle was fixed and straight, and the wheels turned independently. When wheels turn freely from the axle, a drayman can turn the cart without having to drag the outside wheel. Wheel Ruts and Pictographs The oldest known evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe comes from the Flintbek site, a Funnel Beaker culture near Kiel, Germany, dated to 3420–3385 cal BCE. A series of parallel cart tracks was identified beneath the northwestern half of the long barrow at Flintbek, measuring just over 65 ft (20 m) long and consisting of two parallel sets of wheel ruts, up to two ft (60 cm) wide. Each single wheel rut was 2–2.5 in (5–6 cm) wide, and the gauge of the wagons has been estimated at 3.5–4 ft (1.1–1.2 m) wide. On the islands of Malta and Gozo, a number of cart ruts have been found which may or may not be associated with the construction of the Neolithic temples there. At Bronocice in Poland, a Funnel Beaker site located 28 mi (45 km) northeast of Krakà ³w, a ceramic vessel (a beaker) was painted with several, repeated images of a schematic of a four-wheel wagon and yoke, as part of the design. The beaker is associated with cattle bone dated to 3631–3380 cal BCE. Other pictographs are known from Switzerland, Germany, and Italy; two wagon pictographs are also known from the Eanna precinct, level 4A at Uruk, dated to 2815/-85 BCE (4765/-85 BP [5520 cal BP]), a third is from Tell Uqair: both these sites are in what is today Iraq. Reliable dates indicate that two- and four-wheeled vehicles were known from the mid-fourth millennium BCE throughout most of Europe. Single wheels made of wood have been identified from Denmark and Slovenia. Models of Wheeled Wagons While miniature models of wagons are useful to the archaeologist, because they are explicit, information-bearing artifacts, they must also have had some specific meaning and significance in the various regions where they were used. Models are known from Mesopotamia, Greece, Italy, the Carpathian basin, the Pontic region in Greece, India, and China. Complete life-sized vehicles are also known from Holland, Germany, and Switzerland, occasionally used as funeral objects. A wheel model carved out of chalk was recovered from the late Uruk site of Jebel Aruda in Syria. This asymmetrical disk measures 3 in (8 cm) in diameter and 1 in (3 cm) thick, and wheel  as hubs on both sides. A second wheel model was discovered at the Arslantepe site in Turkey. This disc made of clay measured 3 in (7.5 cm) in diameter and has a central hole where presumably the axle would have gone. This site also includes local wheel-thrown imitations of the simplified form of late Uruk pottery. One recently reported miniature model comes from the site of Nemesndudvar, an early Bronze Age through Late Medieval site located near the town of Nemesndudvar, County Bcs-Kiskun, Hungary. The model was discovered along with various pottery fragments and animal bones in a part of the settlement dated to the early Bronze Age. The model is 10.4 in (26.3 cm) long, 5.8 in (14.9 cm) wide, and has a height of 2.5 in (8.8 cm). Wheels and axles for the model were not recovered, but the round feet were perforated as if they had existed at one time. The model is made out of clay tempered with crushed ceramics and fired to brownish gray color. The bed of the wagon is rectangular, with straight-sided short ends, and curved edges on the long side. The feet are cylindrical; the entire piece is decorated in zoned, parallel chevrons and oblique lines. Ulan IV, Burial 15, Kurgan 4 In 2014, archaeologist Natalia Shishlina and colleagues reported the recovery of a dismantled four-wheeled full-sized wagon, direct-dated to between 2398–2141 cal BCE. This Early Bronze Age Steppe Society (specifically East Manych Catacomb culture) site in Russia contained the interment of an elderly man, whose grave goods also included a bronze knife and rod, and a turnip-shaped pot. The rectangular wagon frame measured 5.4x2.3 ft (1.65x0.7 m) and the wheels, supported by horizontal axles, were 1.6 ft (.48 m) in diameter. Side panels were constructed of horizontally placed planks; and the interior was probably covered with reed, felt, or woolen mat. Curiously, the different parts of the wagon were made of a variety of wood, including elm, ash, maple, and oak. Sources Bakker, Jan Albert, et al. The Earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the near East. Antiquity 73.282 (1999): 778–90. Print.Bondr, Mria, and Gyà ¶rgy V. Szà ©kely. A New Early Bronze Age Wagon Model from the Carpathian Basin. World Archaeology 43.4 (2011): 538–53. Print.Bulliet, Richard W. The Wheel- Inventions Reinventions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016. Print.Klimscha, Florian. Cultural Diversity in Prehistoric Western Eurasia: How Were Innovations Diffused and Re-Invented in Ancient Times? Claroscuro 16.16 (2018): 1-30. Print.Mischka, Doris. The Neolithic Burial Sequence at Flintbek La 3, North Germany, and Its Cart Tracks: A Precise Chronology. Antiquity 85.329 (2011): 742–58. Print.Sax, Margaret, Nigel D. Meeks, and Dominique Collon. The Introduction of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia. Antiquity 74.284 (2015): 380–87. Print.Schier, Wolfram. Central and Eastern Europe. The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. Eds . Fowler, Chris, Jan Harding and Daniela Hofmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Shishlina, N.I., D. S. Kovalev, and E. R. Ibragimova. Catacomb Culture Wagons of the Eurasian Steppes. Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 378–94. Print.Vandkilde, Helle. Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC. European Journal of Archaeology 17.4 (2014): 602–33. Print.

Effects of Rising Sea Levels on Costal Populations at the End of the Term Paper

Effects of Rising Sea Levels on Costal Populations at the End of the last Ice Age - Term Paper Example As a result, there is a great chasm of study and information regarding the events of the last ice age and its impact on the environment together with the current condition of these places. It is imperative to examine the occurrence of the last age and expose the magnitude of harm and the damage done on the environment. The study will particularly focus on the coastal populations and how they were affected by the events of the last age. Finally, archeological inquiry should be performed to explore the submerged areas. ... The expansive arena endeavors to comprehend whether the environment of past people was a significant parameter in achieving cultural change or just a simple dynamic for development (Anderson, 2010). Through the reconstruction on ancient environments, archeologists obtain understanding regarding the adaptations of past civilizations that were imperative for living as well as the distinct environmental changes that were pivotal in their disappearance. Similarly, environmental archeology can be described as a sub discipline of archaeology that primarily concentrates on the effects of a particular culture on the atmosphere. Environmental archeology, therefore, involves the comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between culture and environment to determine if the environment were incidental in cultural change (or just a common feature in the development of the relevant culture). The last ice age was of great implication on the environment and it immensely affected the coastal popula tion in a significant way (Farley, 2002). However, the unavailability of research information on the relevant events of the ice age and its implications on the environment and people has made it difficult to comprehend the exact effect of the occurrence. The study will endeavor to conduct an in-depth evaluation of the events of the last ice age; more so the melting of the polar caps its effect on the human population as well as perform an archeological examination of the current state of the submerged areas. Research Question This study will endeavor to answer the developed research question in a practical and theoretical way; that will provide more insight on the relevance of

Holistic Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holistic Nursing - Essay Example In holistic nursing care, delivery of healing focuses on the relationship with the person, which contrasts with traditional nursing that has an orientation towards diseases and their cures. Holistic nursing emphasizes self-care practices, minding others and therapeutic use of the self to facilitate healing and creating patterns of wellness in others. The holistic nurse (HN), therefore, catalyzes and channels the healing process by respecting individual encounters about health, health beliefs and ideals. The caring process attends to physiological, psychological and spiritual needs of the patients contrary to traditional treatment methods. The HN supplements and enriches the nursing practice and consequently enables individuals to achieve their maximum healing potential (Mariano, 2007). The HN addresses the principles of respect and holism. Human beings differ from one individual to the other. The HN recognizes the totality of an individual’s (body, mind, emotion, and spirit) and their connections to the environment (culture, belief systems, relationships, and context). The second principle is choice and autonomy. Health is an equilibrium and improvement of well-being and not just absence of disease. Therefore, the key focus is on health promotion, prevention of diseases, health restoration, and relief of symptoms. The HN acknowledges that health is dynamic and constantly changes from a state of well being to illness. Therefore, the HN empowers the clients to make the right choices to promote their health. The third attribute in HN practice is autonomy. Nursing practice is a science that uses theory, critical thinking, reflection, and research. The nurse is to respect and give the clients the freedom to make their choices regarding their health irrespective of their knowledge and experiences. The holistic art of nursing stipulates nurses should integrate care, responsibility and deliver spiritual care in nursing.

Abortion Or Theath Who Knows :: essays research papers

Man''s inhumanity to man is everywhere. I firmly believe that people on this earth should be treated and respected equally. People are all unique. They come from different backgrounds, have different beliefs and ideas, but treating others in such an inhuman way, as the Jewish were in the concentration camps is cruel and should have never happened. I believe that the killing of several million people during the Holocaust could have been prevented by the means of more involvement from the other countries. When German gained great power, many of the countries did not pay attention. Germany started World War II and countries like England and France, knowing quite well the rise in Germany''s power could cause mass destruction wouldn''t do anything about it until it was too late. Countries should have bonded together and stop the horrible torture and killings. Why didn''t the more powerful countries stop Germany sooner? Some countries just didn''t want to get involved until later. Experiencing a slow economy and lack of funds, they didn''t want to get into a costly war, but this lack of quick involvement resulted in tragedy. Preventing this genocide and anti-Semitism, I think would take a lot of work and effort for many of the countries but it would spare so many lives. The other countries should have recognized the threat Germany posed when Germany broke the Treaty of Versailles agreement. Quick action could have saved more than six million lives by stopping Hitler and the Nazi party. After the Holocaust, the people who survived the concentration camps should have received their properties back. Germany should have given the survivors some money so they wouldn''t have to start from ground zero. Why did the people living in Germany allow this to happen? Hitler blamed the Jewish people for the cause of Germany''s problems and the people believed him, electing a government who was trying to destroy an entire race. Germans who were against anti-Semitism should have gathered a political party to fight for the Jews. Some of their friends and neighbors were taken from their homes and forced into a concentration camp. If they had at least tried, they might not live their lives with regret thinking what if they had done something different, and then maybe; just maybe the Jews might not have died. It was not just Hitler and the Nazi''s that treated man inhumanely. It is happening all around the world with cults such as the Ku Klux Klan who killed because of the dislike of another race.

Meeting the Challenge of Sexual Harassment

Meeting the Challenge of Sexual Harassment At an office of Goldman, Sachs and Company in Boston, some male employees allegedly pasted photos of bare-breasted women on company newsletters, next to biographies of new female employees (suggesting that the photos were pictures of the new staff members). Copies of the newsletters were circulated around the office. Sexist literature such as â€Å"The Smart Man’s Creed or Why Beer Is Better Than Women† (â€Å"After you’ve had a beer, the bottle is still worth a dime†) was allegedly also distributed. Kristine Utley, a former Goldman sales associate, has made these allegations in a suit charging that the environment at Goldman, Sachs constitutes sexual harassment. Fired for refusing a transfer to a New York office, she is suing to gain reinstatement and damages and to eliminate the harassment. Joanne Barbetta has filed a similar suit seeking damages for harassment caused by an environment that she asserted â€Å"was poisoning my system. † Ms. Barbetta reports that during her tenure as a clerk at Chemlawn, male employees circulated pornographic magazines and pinup posters. She viewed a slide presentation that included suggestive pictures (e. g. , a nude woman) put there, according to management, â€Å"to keep the guys awake. † After these experiences and continual breast-grabbing by a male employee, Ms. Barbetta quit. Marie Regab, formerly an 18-year employee of Air France, has filed similar charges concerning the Washington office where she worked as a salesperson. She alleges that several characteristics of the office environment combined to create harassment, including propositions by one of her bosses, circulation of Playboy and Penthouse magazines in the office, and open discussion of sexual activity by male employees. â€Å"It was sickening and an insult to women in the office,† she claims. Ms. Regab was fired; she is suing to gain reinstatement, for $1. 5 million in damages, and to eliminate the harassment in the office. These three situations are examples of a growing number of suits being filed by women who charge that a sexist environment in the workplace constitutes sexual harassment and that their employers are therefore liable. Plaintiff actions in this area have been fueled by the Supreme Court’s ruling that sexist behavior that creates an â€Å"intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment† is sexual harassment and violates Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Court’s ruling has spurred an increasing number of companies to act to revent sexual harassment in the workplace and to deal with if effectively when the problem occurs. Other factors have also triggered company action. Employers are realizing that the costs of harassment can be high in terms of lowered productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. One study of female employees in the federal government concluded that the government loses about $200 million each year to the effects od sexual harassment. Costs can also be high if an employee sues. Even if the plaintiff opts for an out- of-court settlement, the costs of these settlements are often in six figures, and it’s the company that pays. Companies are also realizing that sexual harassment is a very real issue in today’s workplace; from 20 to over 50 percent of working women have experienced sexual harassment (and so have at least 15 percent of male employees). Thus, companies are tackling the issue; the more effective strategies developed so far contain four primary features: Training programs the educate employees concerning the meaning of sexual harassment and the behaviors that constitute a hostile and harassment workplace: Training is especially important simply because men and women often differ in their perception of what constitutes harassment. Most training is in the form of seminars and workshops, often with films and videos. Philip Morris USA conducts a mandatory training program for its field managers that include viewing a video called â€Å"Shades of Gray†. General Motors conducts an awareness seminar for employees and offers this benchmark for judging the appropriateness of office conduct: â€Å"would you be embarrassed to see your remarks or behavior in the newspaper or described to your own family? † Du Pont has developed one of the most comprehensive antiharassment programs in business (begun in 1981). Recently, the corporation added a $500,000 course on personal safety, rape, and harassment prevention primarily for its female employees (many of whom are moving into traditionally male jobs at Du Pont such as agricultural products sales). The course offers no-nonsense advice on how to handle a harasser. For example, if a male customer fondles a women’s knee, Du Pont advises that she â€Å"firmly remove his hand . . . and then say, ‘Let’s pretend this didn’t happen. â€Å"If she receives a verbal proposition, Du Pont advises that she say, â€Å"No, I wouldn’t want our business relationship to be jeopardized in any way. About 1,600 employees have completed the course. Like General Motors, Du Pont offers its employees a guideline for evaluating their behavior. Said a Du Pont spokesman, â€Å"We tell people, it’s harassment when something starts bothering somebody. † Some other companies provide advice concerning how to handle harassmen t. One popular piece of advice: Document the incident as soon as possible by describing on paper what happened in full detail and talking to someone informally about the incident. A relatively mild case of harassment can be handled by taking to the harasser, explaining what he or she did , how it made you feel, and telling the harasser to stop. In a more serious situation, communicating these points via a certified letter sent to the harasser, with the victim keeping a copy, is often recommended (and reportedly proves to be quite effective). An internal complaint procedure: Ideally, the procedure provides for fast action and confidentiality and ensures that the employee can report the problem to a manager who is not involved in the harassment. Some companies encourage employees to report a problem to their immediate supervisor but also designate an individual (often a woman) in the HR department as someone employees can speak with in cases where the immediate supervisor is involved in the problem. To ensure speedy action, some companies require that an investigation begin within 24 hours after the harassment complaint has been reported. Ideally, the procedure also stipulates how investigations will be conducted. Speedy, corrective action that solves the problem: If the investigation supports the employee’s claims, corrective action is quickly taken. Such action can range from simply talking to the harasser to discharge, depending on the severity of the offense. One federal agency requires offending employees to publicly apologize to the individuals they’ve harassed. Staffing changes also sometimes occur. Our New York bank faced a problem of a highly talented male executive who generated much profit for the bank-and also several costly EEOC complaints from his secretaries. The bank solved the problem by assigning the executive an all-male secretarial staff. Corrective action is particularly important because it communicates to both victims and potential offenders that harassment will not be tolerated. A written and communicated antiharassment policy. The written policy is documented and distributed to all employees. The policy contains a definition of harassment, the company’s position prohibition harassment, the grievance procedure, and penalties. While a growing number of companies are implementing antiharassment policies, the courts have yet to establish consistent record concerning the issue of â€Å"hostile environment† as illegal harassment. For example, a federal district court in Michigan dismissed a claim by Vivienne Rabidue that sexual posters and obscene language in her office at Osceola Refining Co. constituted illegal sexual harassment. However, Joanne Barbetta has won the first round of her court battle with Chemlawn. The judge hearing her complaint rejected Chemlawn’s motion to dismiss the suit; he has ordered Ms. Barbetta’s case to trial. Chemlawn is expected to present a vigorous defense, asserting that the men involved in the newsletter incident have been disciplined and that the situations Ms. Barbetta cites fall far short of creating a hostile, harassing environment because they occurred â€Å"over the course of two years. † Questions Assumes that you are an HR executive for a company that manufactures and sells agricultural products (for example, fertilizers and grain feeds). The company’s workforce of 1,200 employees is 70 percent male and 30 percent female. Drawing from this case and the chapter content, develop an antiharassment policy and program. What are the major challenges you see in implementing the program? Many experts assert that reported cases of sexual harassment represent only a small percentage of the total number of incidents that actually occur in the workplace. If their assertion is true, why do so many cases go unreported? How would your HRM policy on harassment address this situation? As research indicates, people differ widely in their perceptions of sexual harassment. What is a harmless remark to one individual can be an annoying, even infuriating insult to another. In your view, what separates harmless conduct from harassing behavior? In the same vein, when does a sexist environment become a hostile, harassing one?

Statement of Purpose to Attend Northeastern University...

I have never been satisfied with the knowledge I possess, and I seldom lose a handle on my convictions and what I have learned along the way. For me, â€Å"I want to be a lawyer,† was my response every time the age-old question, â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up,† was asked. My goal of becoming a lawyer at this young age was likely based on my enjoyment at watching strong female district attorneys on Law Order. However, as I matured, I knew that a law career best suited my continued desire to be challenged academically, to satisfy my need for logical reasoning required in forming a convincing argument, and to help fulfill my analytical curiosity. At a young age, I read the newspaper and watched the news daily, and was knowledgeable of current events. While visiting my friends, I found myself spending more time discussing my political views with their parents than I did playing with them. Although I attempted to educate my friends regarding current events and other issues, I was frustrated by their disinterest in being more intellectually challenged and their unwillingness to understand what was happening in the world around them. They were typical pre-teens, but I was at a different growth stage and lost a connection to them. The more I looked at my surroundings with a critical eye, the more I realized that I needed something more. It was obvious to my teachers that I was frustrated with the situation I found myself in. 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